Die Geschichte der Kältegeräte/en: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
(Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „(C)old cellars Preserving food is a problem as old as mankind. For the longest time, ice was mined in winter and stored over the summer in deep earth cellars, so-called ice cellars. In a Chinese songbook from 1140 BC, such ice cellars are already described. The history of artificial cooling began in the 18th century, or more precisely in 1748, with an experiment by the Scottish professor William Cullen. It took another century before artificial cooling pr…“) |
(Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „==== Luxurious cold ==== Consumers in Germany had to be patient. Because of their high initial cost, bulky dimensions and the slow progress of household electrification, refrigerators remained luxury items. The first Siemens refrigerator to appear was an absorber refrigerator with a capacity of 130 liters in 1931. In 1933, Bosch successfully entered the refrigerator market and thus the household appliance market with its drum-shaped refrigerator. Two dif…“) |
||
| Zeile 5: | Zeile 5: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
(C)old cellars | ==== (C)old cellars ==== | ||
Preserving food is a problem as old as mankind. For the longest time, ice was mined in winter and stored over the summer in deep earth cellars, so-called ice cellars. In a Chinese songbook from 1140 BC, such ice cellars are already described. The history of artificial cooling began in the 18th century, or more precisely in 1748, with an experiment by the Scottish professor William Cullen. It took another century before artificial cooling processes were developed to the point where they could be used in an industrially useful way. In 1876, Carl von Linde developed his so-called Linde process at the Technical University of Munich. Very few private households had electricity at the time, and it was to be another few decades before refrigeration appliances were also to be found in private households. One of the first manufacturers of refrigerators in the USA in the 1910s was the "Frigidair" company. The abbreviated form of the brand name quickly became a generic term in the USA - the "fridge" was born.<ref>Buck, Susanne: Kühlschränke, S. 176-178.</ref> | Preserving food is a problem as old as mankind. For the longest time, ice was mined in winter and stored over the summer in deep earth cellars, so-called ice cellars. In a Chinese songbook from 1140 BC, such ice cellars are already described. The history of artificial cooling began in the 18th century, or more precisely in 1748, with an experiment by the Scottish professor William Cullen. It took another century before artificial cooling processes were developed to the point where they could be used in an industrially useful way. In 1876, Carl von Linde developed his so-called Linde process at the Technical University of Munich. Very few private households had electricity at the time, and it was to be another few decades before refrigeration appliances were also to be found in private households. One of the first manufacturers of refrigerators in the USA in the 1910s was the "Frigidair" company. The abbreviated form of the brand name quickly became a generic term in the USA - the "fridge" was born.<ref>Buck, Susanne: Kühlschränke, S. 176-178.</ref> | ||
==== Luxurious cold ==== | |||
== | Consumers in Germany had to be patient. Because of their high initial cost, bulky dimensions and the slow progress of household electrification, refrigerators remained luxury items. The first Siemens refrigerator to appear was an absorber refrigerator with a capacity of 130 liters in 1931. In 1933, Bosch successfully entered the refrigerator market and thus the household appliance market with its drum-shaped refrigerator. | ||
Two different modes of operation eventually prevailed in refrigeration appliances. So-called compressor refrigerators were and still are in most households. They have a high degree of efficiency and are therefore suitable for use in the home. Absorber refrigerators, on the other hand, operate completely without noise or vibration and are used especially in mobile homes or hotel rooms. At that time, the refrigerant used was ammonia, which was toxic, corrosive and foul-smelling. In the search for effective and less dangerous alternatives, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were discovered and soon used en masse as refrigerants. | |||
In the 1950s, the refrigerator began to make its way into German households. The economic miracle ensured lavishly laid tables. The newly won prosperity was to be preserved, but also presented. Electric household appliances were just as much symbols of prosperity as well-stocked pantries. Advertising was no longer merely about the "fight against spoilage," as it had been in 1936. The expectation was raised of being able to entertain guests with a sumptuous meal at any time. To do this, it needed more space for more food. Constructors and designers turned their attention to the interior of the appliances. For the first time in the 1950s, the refrigerator door was designed as an additional storage space. | |||
<div lang="de-x-formal" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="de-x-formal" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
Version vom 31. Mai 2023, 14:13 Uhr
(C)old cellars
Preserving food is a problem as old as mankind. For the longest time, ice was mined in winter and stored over the summer in deep earth cellars, so-called ice cellars. In a Chinese songbook from 1140 BC, such ice cellars are already described. The history of artificial cooling began in the 18th century, or more precisely in 1748, with an experiment by the Scottish professor William Cullen. It took another century before artificial cooling processes were developed to the point where they could be used in an industrially useful way. In 1876, Carl von Linde developed his so-called Linde process at the Technical University of Munich. Very few private households had electricity at the time, and it was to be another few decades before refrigeration appliances were also to be found in private households. One of the first manufacturers of refrigerators in the USA in the 1910s was the "Frigidair" company. The abbreviated form of the brand name quickly became a generic term in the USA - the "fridge" was born.[1]
Luxurious cold
Consumers in Germany had to be patient. Because of their high initial cost, bulky dimensions and the slow progress of household electrification, refrigerators remained luxury items. The first Siemens refrigerator to appear was an absorber refrigerator with a capacity of 130 liters in 1931. In 1933, Bosch successfully entered the refrigerator market and thus the household appliance market with its drum-shaped refrigerator. Two different modes of operation eventually prevailed in refrigeration appliances. So-called compressor refrigerators were and still are in most households. They have a high degree of efficiency and are therefore suitable for use in the home. Absorber refrigerators, on the other hand, operate completely without noise or vibration and are used especially in mobile homes or hotel rooms. At that time, the refrigerant used was ammonia, which was toxic, corrosive and foul-smelling. In the search for effective and less dangerous alternatives, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were discovered and soon used en masse as refrigerants. In the 1950s, the refrigerator began to make its way into German households. The economic miracle ensured lavishly laid tables. The newly won prosperity was to be preserved, but also presented. Electric household appliances were just as much symbols of prosperity as well-stocked pantries. Advertising was no longer merely about the "fight against spoilage," as it had been in 1936. The expectation was raised of being able to entertain guests with a sumptuous meal at any time. To do this, it needed more space for more food. Constructors and designers turned their attention to the interior of the appliances. For the first time in the 1950s, the refrigerator door was designed as an additional storage space.
In den 1950er-Jahren begann der Kühlschrank sich in den deutschen Haushalten durchzusetzen. Das Wirtschaftswunder sorgte für üppig gedeckte Tische. Der neu gewonnene Wohlstand sollte erhalten, aber auch präsentiert werden. Elektrische Hausgeräte waren genauso Symbole des Wohlstands wie die gut gefüllten Vorratskammern. In der Werbung ging es nicht mehr bloß um den „Kampf gegen den Verderb“, wie es noch 1936 geheißen hatte. Es wurde die Erwartung geweckt, jederzeit Gäste mit einem üppigen Mahl bewirten zu können.[2] Dafür brauchte es mehr Platz für mehr Lebensmittel. Die Konstrukteure und Designer wandten sich dem Innenraum der Geräte zu. Erstmals in den 1950er-Jahren wurde die Kühlschranktür als zusätzlicher Stauraum entworfen.
BSH Kältegeräte
1967 vereinten die Robert Bosch GmbH und die Siemens AG ihre beiden Hausgerätesparten in einem gemeinsamen Tochterunternehmen, der BSH Hausgeräte GmbH. Um Synergieeffekte möglichst effizient zu nutzen, wurden die Fertigungs- und Vertriebsstrukturen der beiden Unternehmen bereinigt und vereinheitlicht. Der ehemalige Bosch-Standort in Giengen entwickelte sich zu einem BSH-Standort für Kältegeräte. Hier werden bis heute Kühlschränke, Gefriergeräte und Kühl-Gefrier-Kombinationen der Marken Bosch und Siemens hergestellt. Neben der Fabrik entstand hier auch ein Kompetenzzentrum, das sich der Forschung und Entwicklung von Kältegeräten verschrieben hat.[3]
Mitte der 1960er-Jahre glichen sich die Kältegerate im Design immer mehr dem Rest der Küche an. Das Verkaufsargument als Prestigeobjekt fiel weg, die ursprünglichen Argumente – Vermeidung von Lebensmittelverschwendung und verbesserte Lebensqualität – traten wieder in den Vordergrund. Einfach nur Haltbarmachung war aber nicht mehr ausreichend. In den 1970er- und 1980er-Jahren entstanden Innovationen wie spezielle Temperatur- und Klimazonen für verschiedene Lebensmittel und 0°-Frischelagerung. Gleichzeitig wurden die Geräte durch verbesserte Isolierungen immer energieeffizienter.[4]
Ein besonders erfreuliches Jahr mit Blick auf den Umweltschutz ist das Jahr 1990. Auf der sogenannten Londoner Konferenz wurde die Herstellung und Nutzung von FCKW (und CFK) ab dem Jahr 2000 international stark eingeschränkt bzw. gänzlich verboten. In Deutschland reagierte man schneller und verbot FCKW als Kältemittel in Kühlschränken ab 1995. 1993, nur drei Jahre nach der Londoner Konferenz, brachte die BSH in Europa die ersten FCKW-freien Geräte auf den Markt. Die internationale Umstellung, zuletzt im chinesischen BSH-Standort in Chuzhou, gelang bis 1999. Seitdem laufen auch nur noch FCKW- und FKW-freie Kältegeräte vom Band.[5]
Moderne Lösungen
Die Möglichkeiten zur Vermeidung von Food Waste wurden immer ausgeklügelter. Als Weiterentwicklung der 0°-Frische-Technologie von 1988 kam 1997 die VitaFresh-Funktion auf den Markt. Gefolgt von der Vakuum-Schublade 2011, dem ActiveFog / ActiveHumidity-System 2016 und Fresh Protect 2019. Daneben hielt auch die Digitalisierung ihren Einzug. Erste Versuche mit digitalisierten Kältegeräten machte die BSH bereits 1997. Das Home-Automation-Systems (HES) erlaubte die eigenen Kältegeräte mittels PC-Systemen zu managen. Solche Smart Home-Anwendungen blieben in Deutschland allerdings zunächst wenig erfolgreich und nahmen erst gegen Ende der 2010er-Jahre an Fahrt auf, bspw. mit dem Smart Storage Guide der BSH.
Auf der Internationalen Funkausstellung 2022 präsentierte die BSH ein neues Kühlgerät, das weit mehr kann als Lebensmittel lange frisch zu halten und Energie zu sparen. Durch die zunehmende Verbreitung von Ökostrom, besonders in europäischen Haushalten, wird neben der Reduzierung des Stromverbrauchs auch ein weiteres Thema immer wichtiger: Die Verkleinerung des aus dem Material resultierenden CO2-Fußabdrucks, den das Kühlgerät durch seine Produktion verursacht. Der neue Eco-Fridge der BSH wird daher aus nachhaltigeren, bio-basierten und CO2-reduzierten Materialien hergestellt. Der aus dem Material resultierende CO2-Fußabdruck ist somit um 33 Prozent bzw. 100 kg geringer als beim vergleichbaren Modell. Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten können sich so für beides entscheiden - Geräte, die in der Nutzung und beim Kauf dabei helfen, den eigenen, individuellen CO2-Fußabdruck zu verringern.
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Buck, Susanne: Kühlschränke, S. 176-178.
- ↑ Buck, Susanne: Kühlschränke, S. 181-183.
- ↑ BSH Hausgeräte GmbH (Hrsg.): Der Standort Giengen – Innovative Kühltechnik für die ganze Welt. München, 2021, S. 11.
- ↑ Buck, Susanne: Kühlschränke, S. 181-182.
- ↑ BSH Hausgeräte GmbH (Hrsg.): Entwicklung des Umweltmanagementsystems der BSH und bisherige Erfolge. München, 2002, S. 3.