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                        "*": "BSH<ref>BSH was founded in 1967 as Bosch-Siemens Hausger\u00e4te GmbH - BSHG for short. In 1998, the name was changed to BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausger\u00e4te GmbH, with the short form BSH. Since the sale of the Siemens shares in BSH to Robert Bosch GmbH the company\u2019s name is now BSH Hausger\u00e4te GmbH, but still BSH for short.</ref> has always regarded itself not only as a German but also a European company.<ref>\u201eDer europ\u00e4ische Markt erfordert Unternehmen europ\u00e4ischen Ausma\u00dfes.\" Quote from the preamble of the joint venture contract, BSH Corporate Archives, F-BSH-001, 40 Jahre BSH \u2013 Eine Chronik, Munich 2007, page 26.</ref> It was [[BSH Chronology 1967-1978: Establishment and National Consolidation|founded in 1967]] in the middle of the continent, in Germany. Consolidation and growth of BSH in Germany was followed by a phase of [[BSH Chronology 1984-2002: Sustainability and Internationalization|expansion into other European countries]]. \n\nMost of the production locations and sales organizations today are located in Europe.<ref>https://www.bsh-group.com/de/unternehmen/bsh-weltweit (Retrieved 29.08.2017)</ref> BSH is also the world\u2019s leading home appliance manufacturer in Europe.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A01-0035, Annual Report 2015, p. 2.</ref>  \n\n==== Germany ====\n\nAfter its [[BSH Chronology 1967-1978: Establishment and National Consolidation|foundation in 1967]], BSH reinforced its economic position in Germany. Germany was and is BSH\u2019s home market. It holds a strong market position here among home appliance manufacturers. BSH has several locations in Germany: Alongside the company headquarters in [[The Company Headquarters in Munich|Munich]] there are production facilities in [[Bad Neustadt|Bad Neustadt]], [[The Neff Brand and the BSH Site in Bretten|Bretten]], [[Factory and Technology Center in Dillingen|Dillingen]], [[The Giengen Factory|Giengen]], [[The Traunreut Factory|Traunreut]] and [[The Nauen Factory|Nauen]]. The BSH network in Deutschland also includes research and technology, and competence centers in Berlin, Bad Neustadt, Regensburg and Dillingen. \n[[file:Pitsos empistosuni.png|thumb|The Pitsos Brand. (Source: BSH Hausger\u00e4te GmbH)]]\n\n==== France ====\n\nGaggenau was taken over by Bosch-Siemens Hausger\u00e4te GmbH at the end of 1994/beginning of 1995. Production and development were moved in their entirety to Lipsheim in Alsace and the company was restructured.<ref>Die Historie von Gaggenau (BSH Pr\u00e4sentation), Materialien zur Geschichte der Eisenwerke Gaggenau, BSH Corporate Archives, C03- 0296, Folie 3.</ref>\n\n==== Greece ====\n\nThe European expansion of BSH began with the acquisition of the Greek company Pitsos A.E. BSH acquired a majority share in the market leader for cooling appliances in Greece in 1976. Pitsos A. E. is one of the Local Heroes, the regional brands of BSH.\n\n==== Spain and Portugal ====\n\nBSH continued to expand its presence in Europe in the 1980s, acquiring a majority share in the Spanish home appliance manufacturer Balay-Safel, resulting in a market share of 24 percent in Spain. The strong market position in Spain also increased BSH\u2019s overall market share in Europe. As a result, at the end of the 1980s the company is the second largest manufacturer of home appliances in Europe.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0012, inform 02/1989, p. 2f.</ref> In 1998, BSH also acquired the remaining shares in Balay, which by then also included the Safel brand, thus making the company a wholly-owned subsidiary of BSH. Balay belongs to the [[Local Heroes]] of BSH. \n\nSince 1998, BSH has marketed another brand in Spain and Portugal, UFESA, which was resold in 2018.\n\n==== Turkey ====\n\n[[file:2005 Cerkesk\u00f6y trwash084 BSH Konzernarchiv.jpg|thumb|301x301px|The BSH factory in the turkish town of Cerkesk\u00f6y, 2005. (Source: BSH Konzernarchiv)]]\nThanks to the excellent potential and promising growth rates of the Turkish home appliance market, the then second largest home appliance provider in Turkey became part of BSH in 1995. The established Profilo brand proved to be extremely popular with customers and is one of the Local Heroes at BSH.\n\n==== Slovenia \u2013 Small appliances since 1972 ====\n\nGorenje began manufacturing mixers and other small appliances for BSH in 1972 under the BSH brands in the [[BSH in Slovenia|Slovenian town of Nazarje]].<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, F-BSH-001, 40 Jahre BSH \u2013 Eine Chronik, M\u00fcnchen 2007, p. 56; A01-0011, Annual Report 1993, p. 3; inform, A05-0017, 1994/3, p. 1-3.</ref>\n\nDuring the Cold War and the accompanying East-West confrontation, the multicultural state of Yugoslavia, to which Slovenia belonged, occupied a special status. Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the organization of non-aligned states and, despite the communist state doctrine, did not count itself part of the Soviet Union-led bloc. This unique position allowed it to also work comparatively closely with companies from the West. BSH benefited from this in its cooperation with Gorenje. \n\nAfter the collapse of Yugoslavia, Gorenje broke away from its home market. The plant was also destroyed by a disastrous flood at the start of the 1990s. BSH provided loans to help rebuild it. When Gorenje was unable to repay the loans, BSH took over the plant in Nazarje in 1993. Since then, small appliances have been produced there under the BSH brand names and, since 2003, also large appliances.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0026, inform, 2003/4, p. 18.</ref>\n\n==== New markets in Eastern Europe since 1989 ====\n\nAfter the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, BSH turned its attention to Russia and the entire Eastern European region. Since then the region has been a focal point for expansion for the company. BSH has its own sales companies in most Eastern European countries \u2013 including the Czech Republic, Serbia, Romania and Ukraine \u2013 where it benefits from the high degree of familiarity and good image of its Bosch and Siemens brands.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A01-0013, Annual Report 1995, p. 5.</ref>\n\n==== BSH in Poland ====\n\nBSH started selling Bosch home appliances in Poland in 1990. A new plant for assembling washing machines was established in the Polish city of Lodz in 1994. It was the first new plant to be built by BSH in Eastern Europe, The company thus gained a presence in the region as a producer of large appliances, allowing it to exploit its market potential to the full. The washing machines from Lodz were initially intended exclusively for the Eastern European markets, but were also extended to EU countries from 1999. The Polish BSH subsidiary was honored again with the \u201cPearl of the Polish Economy\u201d award in 2009. In 2013, BSH acquired the tradition-steeped Polish home appliances manufacturer Zelmer.\n[[file:Fabryka 007 Rogoznica Zelmer-Fabrik 2012 BSH-Pressebilder.jpg|thumb|Zelmer-Factory in Rogoznica, Poland, 2012. (Source: BSH Hausger\u00e4te GmbH)]]\n\n==== BSH in Russia \u2013 from importer to manufacturer ====\n\nBSH has enjoyed a presence in Russia since 1994.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0037, inform 2014/2, p. 11.</ref> The Bosch and Siemens brands are also very well known there and sell well. By 1995, BSH was already the largest Western European importer in Russia.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A01-0013, Annual Report 1995, p. 5.</ref> In 1997, the company then started looking into options for further involvement in Russia, including production partnerships.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0020, inform 1997/2, p. 29; A01-0015, Annual Report 1997, p. 6.</ref> It ultimately opted to develop its own production facilities. In 1998, BSH opened an assembly plant for gas cookers in Chernogolovka, 60 kilometers east of Moscow, making it the first home appliance manufacturer from the West to have a plant in Russia.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A01-0016, Annual Report 1998, p. 10.</ref> BSH defied the economic crisis of 1998/1999. with the Gaggenau and Neff brands being launched on the Russian market between 1998 and 2005.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0037, inform 2014/2, p. 11.</ref>\n\n===== New production facilities =====\n\nConstruction of a new refrigeration plant and a logistics center in St. Petersburg began in 2007. The center not only sells locally produced appliances, but also BSH imports. The majority of the cooling appliances produced in St. Petersburg are destined for the Russian and Ukrainian market.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0028, inform 2005/4, p. 8; A01-0025, Annual Report 2007, p. 7; F-BSH-001, 40 Jahre BSH \u2013 Eine Chronik, p. 122.</ref> After just three years, BSH is the market leader with Bosch in the segment of free-standing static fridge-freezer combinations. An assembly plant for washing machines was opened additionally in 2012 in St. Petersburg.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A01-0030, Annual Report 2012, p. 46.</ref> In 2008, BSH was able to proudly proclaim that it had a base of 3.5 million customers in Russia.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0037, inform 2014/2, p. 11.</ref>\n[[file:PED(1).jpg|thumb|The Regensburg-based Electronics, Drives and Systems (EDS) has a production site in the Slovakian town of Michalovce. (Source: BSH Hausger\u00e4te GmbH)]]\n\n\n==== Slovakia \u2013 drives and controllers for BSH ====\n\nThe home appliance market in Slovakia is served from BSH's Czech sales company in Prague.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0020, inform 1997/4, p. 19; A05-0025, inform 2002/3, p. 4.</ref>\n\nThe incorporation of the Regensburg-based Electronics, Drives and Systems (EDS) department of Siemens AG in BSH in 1998 also meant integrating the associated EDS production location for drives (engines) and electronic controllers in the Slovakian town of Michalovce.[35] At the time of the BSH takeover, there were around 930 people working at the location.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A01-0018, Gesch\u00e4ftsbericht 2000, p. 25.</ref> Since 1999, EDS has specialized completing in developing and manufacturing electronic systems for home appliances.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, A05-0022, inform, 1999/3, p. 20 f. Corporate Archives, A05-0036, inform 2013/5, p. 3.</ref> In 2009, EDS was raised to the status of a product division and renamed PED - Product Division Electronic Systems, Drives.\n\n==== Sales companies in European countries ====\n\nIn a number of European countries sales companies, organized as BSH subsidiaries, are responsible for selling home appliances locally. These include: Denmark (Ballerup), Norway (Oslo), Sweden (Solna), Finland (Helsinki), Austria (Vienna), Belgium (Brussels), Luxembourg (Senningerberg), France (St. Oen), United Kingdom (Milton Keynes), Italy (Milan), Switzerland (Geroldswil), Czech Republic (Prague), Croatia (Zagreb), Serbia (Belgrade), Bulgaria (Sofia), Romania (Bucharest), Hungary (Budapest), Ukraine (Kiev).<ref>https://www.bsh-group.com/company/bsh-worldwide (Retrieved 30.08.2017)</ref>\n\n[[file:0275-03-12 Hoofddorp inspiratiehuis au\u00dfen-9463 ISO BSH-Archiv.jpg|thumb|200x200px|BSH-Showroom in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. (Source: BSH Hausger\u00e4te GmbH)]]\n\n==== Netherlands ====\n\nThe Netherlands is home to the oldest representative offices of the parent companies of BSH, Bosch and Siemens outside of Germany. Siemens & Halske products were represented in The Hague by the company Wisse, Piccaluga & Co. as far back as 1879.<ref>Siemens History: Siemens in the Netherlands. </ref>. The company Willem van Rijn then took over as sole representative of Bosch products in the Netherlands in 1903.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, Tochtermann Historie, Ordner 5, 100 Jahre Bosch \u2013 Willem van Rijn, Amsterdam 2003, p. 1.</ref>\n\nThe subsidiary Willem van Rijn Huishoud-elektro B.V. was founded for sales and distribution in 1986. In a move to merge the Dutch representative offices in one company, a joint venture between Willem van Rijn, BSH Huishoud-Elektro B.V. and the Consumer Products Department of Siemens Netherlands was concluded in January 2009. From this time on, the Bosch, Siemens, Gaggenau, Neff and Constructa brands were distributed by the new Dutch BSH subsidiary, BSH-Huishoudapparaten.\n\n\n== Notes =="
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                "title": "Remote control",
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                        "*": "=== Innovative remote control solutions from BSH ===\n[[file: C02-0114-012.jpg|thumb|(Source: BSH Corporate Archives, C02-0114).]]\n\nThe first German remote control was launched on the market in 1956. The \u201cZauberschalter\u201d (magic switch) from Tonfunk was used to switch the accompanying radio on and off remotely. Just how special this technical innovation was for users at the time is clear even from the name. Users in the U.S. adopted a somewhat different slant, however. \u201cSpace Commander\u201d or also \u201cLazy Bones\u201d were the names of the first remote controls for televisions produced there. The name was particularly telling in the case of the \u201cSpace Commander\u201d remote control. To activate the TV, a light beam had to be directed at a sensor on the TV. The only problem was that any light beam would activate the sensor, including direct sunlight, for example. \n\nThe the remote control began its ascendancy in Germany with the introduction of the color television in 1967. Because these were high-tech devices, many of the new color televisions already came with a remote control. The devices had a button for every TV station, for example, there were six buttons on the Siemens Bildmeister FC 260 Color, which meant that six channels could be programmed. The choice of programs could be extended by an additional four with the FZ 4155 remote control, which could be ordered as a special accessory.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, C02-0114, Siemens Radio- und Fernsehger\u00e4te, Prospekte 1967-1978.</ref> Together with the buttons on the TV set, up to ten stations could therefore be controlled. This was perfectly adequate in Germany at the time since the TV landscape in those years was characterized by ARD, ZDF and a handful of regional broadcasters. Private television channels were still banned in Germany up until 1984.\n\n[[file: C02-0114-013.jpg|thumb|The Siemens Bildmeister with ultrasonic remote control (Source: BSH Corporate Archives, C02-0114).]]In the 1970s, Siemens remote controls and televisions were fitted with new ultrasonic technology. The Siemens Bildmeister FC 386 teletronic with ultrasonic remote control, which was launched on the market in 1973, was advertised as a luxury item: Viewers could choose between eight programs \u201clike from a command center\u201d.<ref>BSH Corporate Archives, C02-0114, Siemens Radio- und Fernsehger\u00e4te, Prospekte 1967-1978.</ref> Ultrasonic remote controls emit an audio signal to the TV, which is not audible to the human ear. Up to ten commands could be transmitted to the TV: on/off, volume up/down, picture darker/brighter, enhanced/reduced color, back/forward program. \n\nThe 1980s saw a shift toward infrared technology. With its SFH506-xx series of electronic components, which were offered for frequencies of 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56 kHz, Siemens became the largest provider of infrared devices on the European market.<ref>Walter Fischer: Digitale Fernseh- und H\u00f6rfunktechnik in Theorie und Praxis. MPEG-Basisbandcodierung, DVB-, DAB-, ATSC-, ISDB-T-\u00dcbertragungstechnik, Messtechnik. 2009.</ref>  New receivers like cassette recorders were developed, hand in hand with new features, such as teletext.  \nPKS (now Sat.1) and RTL were the first private broadcasters to go live in January 1984. The subsequent surge in the number of television programs increased the demand for program selection options. Remote controls became more complex and were to control more and more entertainment and communication electronic devices.[[file: C02-0114-004.jpg|thumb|The Siemens Bildmeister FC 260 Color. The remote control was a special accessorie (Source: BSH Corporate Archives, C02-0114).]]\n\n\n== Notes =="
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